|
Wheat Creek Culvert was a heritage-listed culvert at Adelaide Street, Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Christopher Porter and built in 1861 by H C Love. It is also known as Big Creek Culvert. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 January 2003, but was removed in June 2015 after it was destroyed to create the Inner Northern Busway. However, a short section was preserved as a feature in the King George Square busway station. == History == The Wheat Street culvert was constructed in 1861 as part of Brisbane city's drainage system and was one of the first civil engineering projects of the newly formed Brisbane Municipal Council. In 1825 the penal settlement at Moreton Bay was moved from Redcliffe to Brisbane, where a reliable supply of water could be found. This was Wheat Creek or Big Creek that rose near the site of Brisbane Grammar School. The creek flowed through what was later the Roma Street railway yards, between George and Roma Streets, to the horse ponds on the site of Brisbane City Hall. From here the creek flowed across the present Adelaide and Albert Streets intersection between Queen and Adelaide Streets and entered the river at the end of the present Creek Street.〔 In 1827 the first bridge was built across the Wheat Creek for a track to windmill. This bridge was built from the intersection of Albert and Adelaide streets and was replaced in 1861. Under the direction of Captain Patrick Logan an earth dam was built across the creek between Roma and Little Roma streets in 1839. The water was carried from the dam through a pipeline made of hollow hardwood logs to the soldier's barracks near George and Queens Streets and then to the Commandant's house in Queens gardens. A convict-operated treadmill pumped water along the pipeline. In 1859 a large tank was built near the dam at Tank Street. This original water supply remained until 1866 when a dam was built on Enoggera Creek. Water was supplied to the city from the dam through a 200mm diameter cast iron pipe.〔 The Municipality of Brisbane, which was proclaimed on 7 September 1859, covered an area of ridges and swamps that could not be drained. The rainfall runoff found its way naturally to the swamps and then via a series of lagoons and swamps to the river. High spring tides however caused much of the surrounding land to be impassable in wet weather. This meant that ensuring good water supply and drainage were the most urgent jobs for the new council.〔 Before the 1840s simple surface drains or covered drains were used in towns. Surface drains carried off surface water by making the road section higher in the centre than at the sides. The simplest form of covered drain was the box drain that had a broad flat bottom. These drains caused problems because it was common for the entire volume of the drain to be completely filled and blocked. Another type of covered drain was the circular or barrel drain. They were rarely used, as they were more expensive and less effective than box drains. With the development of the ovoid or "egg-shaped" drains there was a dramatic improvement in the effectiveness of drainage systems. John Phillips designed the first ovoid drain in the 1840s and advocated that in order to have proper drainage of towns, separate drainage systems should be used for stormwater and sewage. The ovoid drains concentrated the flow of the water to the bottom of the drain and therefore decreased the likelihood of silting and blockage. In the beginning, these drains were made of stone but by the 1870s they were mainly built of cheaper brick〔 The first drain in Brisbane was constructed in 1860 and was a stone ovoid drain that ran down Albert Street, from Elizabeth Street to the creek at Margaret Street. Although this drain was above ground level it had a very shallow grade.〔 On Thursday 24 January 1861 a tender was called for a culvert to enclose Wheat Creek under the road and box drains for water entry and exit to the design of new City Surveyor, Christopher Porter. H C Love's tender for the sum of £830 was accepted on the 4 February 1861.〔 In 1863 a brick drain, 18 inches in diameter, was laid from Edward Street to Eagle Street, but, prior to 1875, very little was done to provide Brisbane with a reliable water supply or an efficient drainage system. The Brisbane Drainage act of 1875 gave the Governor in Council the powers of the Municipal Council with respect to drainage and sewerage. The drainage and sewerage work was entrusted to the Department of Harbours and Rivers. William Nisbet, Engineer for Harbours and Rivers, took charge of the design and construction of the city drainage. The primary concern was the creek downstream of the Albert Street and Adelaide Street intersection, which was then the only area developed.〔 An ovoid brick drain running down Adelaide Street between Albert to Creek Street was completed in March 1877. It joined the Brisbane tuff culvert and is still in use. The downstream 25-metre section of the drain was supported on timber piling. A branch culvert for drainage of private allotments between Queen and Adelaide streets, which consisted of an egg-shaped drain at a flat grade of 4 feet in a mile, was also built during this time (uncovered during construction of Queen's Plaza). Nisbet also designed a brick storm water drainage system that ran under Makerston Street and drained the Roma Street area to the Brisbane River. In other parts of the city various other culverts and drains were completed in 1877. Nisbet suggested that all the drains completed in 1877, in addition to those already in existence, should be kept exclusively for surface water.〔 The culvert and drainage system around the intersection remained in use until 2008. The Brisbane City Council carried out a video investigation of the culvert in May 2000 as part of the light rail project being undertaken by Queensland Transport.〔 In 2008, the culbert was dismantled as part of the construction of the Inner Northern Busway, and a section of it was reassembled as a feature in the new King George Square busway station. It was considered sufficiently degraded in heritage value that it was delisted from the Queensland Heritage Register as "destroyed" in June 2015.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wheat Creek Culvert」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|